Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature - Essay Example But when the stories of Oedipus and Othello are examined, we see that though both had defective understanding, their lack of insight lay in different circumstances and character traits. When faced with the scourge of plague, the Chorus in Oedipus Rex reacts with trepidation and indecisiveness: "My fearful heart twists on the rack and shakes with fear./ O Delian healer, for whom we cry aloud/ in holy awe, what obligation/ will you demand from me, a thing unknown/ or now renewed with the revolving years/ Immortal voice, O child of golden Hope, speak to me"! (Sophocles,185-191) But Oedipus is decisive and brave, and decides that he would find a solution for the crisis, and takes it upon himself to solve the whole problem almost single-handedly: " I will begin again; I'll find the truth./The dead man's cause has found a true defender/In Phoebus, and in you. And I will join you/ In seeking vengeance on behalf of Thebes/And Phoebus too; indeed, I must: if I/Remove this taint, it is not for a stranger,/ But for myself:...". (Sophocles,131,137)We see here the number of times the term "I" figures in this verse, and can measure the brash self-confidence of this King. And in this blind self-belief, Oedipus places a curse on the murderer, and though he spells out very closely the possibility that it might be someone from his own household, he makes an open declaration nevertheless: "I lay this curse upon him, that the wretch/In wretchedness and misery may live./And more: if with my knowledge he be found/ To share my hearth and home, then upon me/ Descend that doom that I invoke on him". (Sophocles, 248-252). He thus aggravates his future distress by laying the curse so stridently in public, not acknowledging to himself that he himself may be the murderer he is searching for. To any other person, the similarity of the old prediction about his own fate and the way this murderer is supposed to have acted, would have rung a bell. By now the situation is beyond remedy, of course, because he has unknowingly fulfilled the prophecy, and merely lacks the insight to see it. And at the moment he sees the truth, he blinds himself, quite literally. His uncertain vision lies in the fact that on one hand he heeds the voice of the Gods when they tell him about the plague, but not the one when he hears the dire prediction about himself, in his youth. One wonders what would have happened if Oedipus had not run from those he thought to be his parents, thus trying to avoid the prediction, or stayed his hand at murdering someone over a trifling dispute, or not married an older woman. In avoiding the prediction and not paying heed to it, he made it true, blind self-belief causes his uncertain vision. Shakespeare's Othello on the other hand is trusting, straight and impulsive, which causes his natural judgment to fail in his personal life. As Bradley puts it in extremely specific terms: "Othello's mind, for all its poetry, is very simple. He is not observant. His nature tends outward. He is quite free from introspection, and is not given to reflection. Emotion excites his imagination, but it confuses and dulls his intellect...... His trust, where he trusts, is absolute. Hesitation is almost impossible to him. He is extremely self-reliant, and decides and acts instantaneously. If stirred to indignation, as 'in Aleppo once,' he answers with one lightning stroke. Love, if he loves, must be to him the heaven where

Jaws Essay Example for Free

Jaws Essay Paragraph 1 Introduction: What is the film called: Jaws Who directed it: Steven Speilbeig What is it about: It is about a shark attack Where is it, when is it set: Amity Island New England, 4th July Why is it set 4th July: It is set on the 4th of July because on that date most Americans gather around and spend time with their famlies and go out to the beach will close then families cant go to the beach. Paragraph 2 Music: Describe how the shark is connected to the music in the title sequence: You can almost visualize the deadly shark coming closer and closer as you hear the drum beating in the background getting faster and faster, louder and louder beating like a steadily-rising heart rate; ready to attack his prey. Give two other examples of how the music or silence is used to scare the audience or build tension: When the loud music plays it get exciting, but before the music start to being fast and loud its very low making it not as exciting but tension building, so the tension and excitment is good, and as it builds up get faster and faster the audience knows that something is going to happen gives it a dramtic effect. Paragraph 3 Camera techniques: Describe the second attack in detail and say how the camera was used to help build up tension and scare the audience:The second attack is when all the children are playing on the sea whilst there parents watch, sunbathing, on the beach and Brody is doing his job sat looking out for anything suspicious because of the previous attack. The shark then attacks the young boy. The camera angles build up tension because it goes beneath the water and makes it seem like its from the sharks point of view and when it was attacking it went from a distance so you could see all the peoples faces and just how exactly he was attacked.

Cultural Change in International Markets Essay -- essays research pape

Competitive pressures caused by globalization, deregulation, and discontinuous technological changes seem to have forced many organizations into considering radical change as a way of surviving and growing. A big part of this radical change has to do with accepting and handling cultural differences among other nations. Organizations pursue change to enhance their competitive positions and to grow. Cultural Change Culture changes over time, despite the fact that one of the more important attributes of culture is that it is conservative and resistant to change. When marketing a new innovation to a foreign country, the marketer must possess a thorough knowledge of that country’s culture in order to be successful there, as new innovations can be fail or even cause offence if not marketed or designed in a manner appropriate to that particular culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are six rules of thumb when doing business across cultures: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be prepared. Whether traveling or selling from home, you should never approach a foreign market with first researching the area. Some of the things to learn would include social and business etiquette, history, current affairs, the culture’s values, geography, religion, political structure, and practical matter such as currency and hours of business. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slow down. In America â€Å"Time is money.† Americans always seem to be in a rush and can seem unfriendly or arrogant. In other countries, patience is the key. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish trust. Having crisp business relationships will get the salesperson nowhere. Product quality, pricing, and clear contracts are not as important as the personal relationship and trust that are developed over time. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Understand the language. Languages differ in parts of the world one must have a vocabulary that is sensitive to nuance and connotation. An interpreter could also be helpful if needed. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Respect the culture. Manner are important. The traveling person is a guest and must respect the hosts’ rules. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Understand components of culture. There are two types: surface culture (fads, styles, foods, etc.) and deep culture (attitudes, beliefs, values). Importance of cultural unders... ...t be aware of this, as there can be serious repercussions for them and their company if there are adverse reactions to the new innovation regardless of the fact it may have been accidental.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge about other cultures and how they affect the way people do business may show business-people working in a culture different from their own that their solutions are not always the appropriate ones for a given task. Understanding this is the first step in learning how to use cultural differences to gain a strategic advantage. Mishandling or ignoring cultural differences can cause numerous problems, such as lost sales, the departure of competent employees, and low morale that contributes to low productivity. How can international businesspeople learn to live with other cultures? The first step is to realize that there are cultures different from their own. Then they must go and learn the characteristics of those cultures so that they can adapt to them. Traveling to this country and staying a while or undergoing an extensive, training program would be helpful to cover the main characteristics of the culture, including the language.

Geography Teaching Methods: Why Should Geography

The   term   geography   refers   to   the   study   of   the   location   and   distribution   of   living   things   and   the   earth features   among   which   they   (The   World   Book,   2001).It   describes   its   physical   features,   resources, climate,   soils,   plants,   animals,   and    peoples   and   their   distribution. Geography,   in   general,   has   several objectives. The   main   objective   of   the   geography   subject   is   to   develop   awareness   of   the   relation between   nature   and   the   man ­made   environment. It   provides   the   basis   for   understanding   population development   and   the   distribution   of   resources,   explaining   similarities   and   differences   and   discussing change   processes.It   shall   also   contribute   to   understanding   and   mastering   the   great   amount   of information   in   our   time. Therefore,   this   paper   discuses   the   view   that   geography   as   a  subject  should  be made  a  core  subject. To   begin   with,   geography   provides   the   basis   for   understanding   population   development   and   the distribution   of   resources,   explaining   similarities   and   differences   and   discussing   change   processes. The subject   also   gives   insight   into   how   natural   resources,   weather   and   climate   have   provided   the   basis   for the   settlement   and   development   of   communities.Furthermore,  Geography  also  creates  understanding  of why   resources   are    important   for   global   production,   division   of   labour and   settlement. Population development   and   global   econ omic   processes   influence   economic   development   and   the   global distribution   of   goods. The   Geography   subject   provides   an   overview   and   explains   the   localisation   of cities   and   the   scope   of   natural   and  man ­made  conditions  on  earth  (Tunney,  1976). Therefore,  it  is  wise enough   that   the   government   should   design    a   curriculum   that   considers   geography   as   a  core  subject  just like  English  as  it  is  in  Malawi.The   other   thing   is   that,   looking   at   its   objectives? Geography   subject   is   contributing  to  the  understanding and   mastering   the   great   amount  of  information  in  these  days. More  knowledge  motivates  and  stimulates the   ability   to  analyse  critically  and  understand  comprehensively. T his  can  give   the  pupils  a  good  basis  for participating   in   the   development   of   society   in   a   constructive   way. An   important   objective   of   the geography   subject   is   also   to   develop   the   pupils'   ability   to   be   tolerant   and   understand   their   global co ­responsibilities.This   only   shows   that   Geography   has  a  wider  range  in  the  sense  that  it  draws  largely from   the   natural   sciences   and   social   sciences,   such   as,   geology,   meteorology,   botany,   zoology, economics,  and  history. In   addition,   in   order   to   improve   geographic   understanding   to   the   general   public:   Increased   research attention   is   given   to   certain   core   methodological   and   conceptual   issues   in   geography   that   are  especially relevant   to   society's   concerns. More   emphasis   should   be   placed   on   priority ­driven,   cross ­cutting projects.Increased  emphasis   should  be  given  to  research  that  improves  the  understanding  of  geographic literacy,   learning,   and   problem   solving   and  the  roles  of  geographic  information  in  education  and  decision making,   including   interactive   learning   strategies   and   spatial   decision   support   systems. This   helps   the government   to   manage   and   run   its affairs   with   the   intention   of   developing   them. Therefore,   through geographical   knowledge,  one  is  able  to  operate  in  several  departments  of  the  government  hence  meeting the  full  utilization  of  limited  resources  a  country  could  have.What   is   more,   the   government   and/or   the   non ­governmental   organization   should   take   part   in   the improvement   of   geographic   literacy. Geography  education  standards  and   other  guidelines  for  improved geography   education   in   the   schools   should   be   examined   to   identify   subjects   where   geography's  current knowledge   base   needs   strengthening. A   significant   national   program   should   be   established   to   improve the   geographic   competence   of   the   republic   of   Malawi’s   general   population   as   well   as   of   leaders   in business,   government,   and   non ­governmental  interest  groups  at  all  levels.In  addition,  linkages  should  be strengthened   between   academic   geography   and   users   of   its   research. Also   concerned   and   non concerned   parties   need   to   strengthen   geographic   institutions. Since   geography   has   a   wider   range   in  its operation,   a   high   priority   should   be   placed   on   increasing  professional  interactions  between  geographers and   colleagues   in   other   sciences. A   specific   effort   too,   should   be   made   to   identify   and   address disparities   between   the   growing   demands   on   geography   as   a   subject   and   the   current   capabilities   of eography   to   respond   as   a   scientific   discipline. A  specific  effort  should  be  made  in  order  to  identify  and examine   needs   and   opportunities   for   professional   geography   to   focus   its   research   and   teaching   on certain   specific   problems   or   niches,   given   limitations   on   the   human   and   financial   resources   of   the discipline. University   and   college   administrators   should   alter   reward   structures   for   academic geographers   to   encourage,   recognize,   and   reinforce   certain   categories   of   professional   activity   that   are sometimes   underrated.To   encourage   implementation   of   these   recommendations:   Geographic   and related   organisations   should    work   together   to   develop   and   execute   a   plan    to   implement   the recommendations  in  this  department. Lastly,   it   should   be   mentioned,   however,   that   geography   being   a   multi ­dimensional   subject   that   is,   it encompasses   several   subjects  or  disciplines. The  case  of  History,  History  and  History  Teaching   play  an importan t   role   in   developing   national   identity.Against   the   background   of   ethnic,   cultural   and   national conflicts   in   South   Eastern   Europe   history    teaching   was   often   used   as   a   tool   for   promoting   nationalistic ideologies. History   textbooks   have,   in   many   cases,   been   dominated   by  biased  historical  interpretations. Sensitive   historical   issues   and   groups,   such   as   the   history   of   social   and   ethnic   minorities,   the   history   of neighbouring   countries   have   often   been   excluded   from   the   textbooks.Therefore,   history   education   in South   Eastern   Europe   has   been   identified   as   a   key   issue   for   the   reconciliation   and   democratisation process   and   thus   for   long ­term    stability  in   the  region  by  many  key  actors  at  expert  and  political  level(De Blij,  1993). In   conclusion,   it   is   a   matter   of    concern   that   the   majority   of   students   in   the   school   complete   their geographical   education   at   a  young  age. They  are  normally  given  the  chance  to  choose  the  subjects  to  be studied   in   order   to   acquire   their   certificate   at   the   end   of   their   first   year   of   post ­primary   education.It   is usually   5 ­8  subjects  inclusive  of  English. It  is  reported  by  school  management  that  appropriate  guidance and   consultation   with   parents   informs   this   choice   process,   it   is   of   concern   that   subject   choices  made  at such   an   early   stage  in  post ­primary  education   could  have  a  significant  impact   on   subject  choice  at  senior cycle   and   on   career   paths   or   access   to   third ­level  education. It  is,  therefore,  recommended  that  school management   consider   restructuring   the   curriculum   at   junior   cycle   to   widen   the  range  of  core  subjects  to include   Geography.In    the   case   of   Malawi,   English   is   a   compulsory   subject   of   all   students   to   Junior Certificate  level. REFERENCES De  Blij,  H. J. (1993). Human  Geography:  Culture,  Society,  and  Space. (4th  Ed. ). Singapore:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John  Willey  . The  World  book  Encyclopedia(2001) â€Å"The_History_of_Geography_&_its_importance. †Ã‚  123HelpMe. com. 11  Apr  2012  . Sheila   L. C. (2004). Glo balization   and   Belonging:   The   Politics   of   Identity   in   a   Changing World. Boston:  Rowman  .

Mark Bittman: Man v. Meat

As the spokesperson In the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat, Blatant expresses his once about negative ecological and health impacts of our current food regimen. He describes our modern diet as, â€Å"overwhelmingly meat-centered and hooked on fast food† (TED). Meat's role In our society is massive, and knowing more about it is crucial. When Batman delivers the â€Å"stinging condemnation† of the way we eat now, and many worldwide were listening.Mark Batman's argument, on how eating as much meat and Junk food as we do is negatively affecting the health of our planet and ourselves, is accurate and credible, because of his extensive background in the food Industry and the valid evidence that ties his claim altogether. What Is It about Mark Bellman's great background In the food Industry that makes his argument even more so probable? Well, throughout his career, he has won several awards from the James Beard Foundation and the International Association of Culinary Professionals for his writing and his television series, Batman Takes on America's Chefs. The Beard Awards are the highest honor for food and beverage professionals working In North America. † (lames Beard Foundation) Mark Batman was recognized, for being a culinary professional who had shown excellence and achievement in his field. The CAP Cookbook Awards honor the authors, publishers, and other contributors behind the best of cookbooks published each year† (CAP). Due to this acknowledgement, Blatant now holds â€Å"a coveted mark of distinction† (CAP).According to, the highly awarded journalist and author, Michael Pollen, Mark Batman is one of â€Å"The World's 7 Most Powerful Bodies,† an honor that Batman shared with First Lady Michelle Obama (EGG). In order for Batman to get where he Is currently, he had to work hard and lobby for his position. In 201 2, he was the only regularly-appearing opinion penman in a leading newspaper in the united States, writing rather much exclusively about food, for the most prime paper in the country and one of the most major papers in the world (ICE, 2012).Evidently, due to the outstanding highlights of Mark Batman's food career, he Is a credible source. 1 OF 7 it is now time to take a look at the research that completely ties the claims that he makes together. Other than in the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What is wrong with what we eat, in an interview with the Institute of Culinary Education, the â€Å"food columnist† continually argues that eating meat is a big problem for the food system.Batman lams that, â€Å"If we had stricter laws on the treatment of animals, and better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals, better waste disposal systems, better environmental controls, it would make meat much more expensive, and if we made meat much more expensive, then sustainable meat and meat raised non-industrially would be more competitively priced† (ICE, 2012). As a result, of higher meat prices, meat consumption rates would decrease. By consuming less meat, the generation of the world's greenhouse gases would also decrease, (Batman, 2008) because eating meat is what is â€Å"destroying our environment† (PETA).Although PETA is a bias source, this statement can easily be proven as correct. Validated through research, what we eat contributes â€Å"more greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO), methane, nitrous oxide, and the like to spew into the atmosphere than either transportation or industry' (Filial, 2009). Many underestimate the importance of eating less meat, over half of the carbon footprint of the average American diet comes from animal products (Take Extinction off of Your Plate). While watching the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat, I was shocked how big of an impact eating eat has on the Earth and the people who inhabit it.When Batman mentioned that meat was more of a concern than transportation, I started to think bac k to the time when many CEO-friendly people would bike or walk places instead of spreading around â€Å"car pollution. † They, like my past self, had no idea that eating less meat does more than not driving a car. Mark Batman's claim within his concern is accurate, because of the various studies of the negative impacts of meat consumption on our environment. Logically, if eating meat affects something as big as the Earth, it would have a bigger effect on our overall being as well.To back up Mark Batman's claim about how we should have â€Å"better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals†, science-writing intern Cassandra Brooks states that, â€Å"the administration of antibiotics causes health problems, so much so that it can result in antibiotic-resistant bacteria that threaten the usefulness of medicines that treat people. † That must be one of the key reasons why meat eaters experience more health problems. â€Å"Harvard studies showed that daily meat eaters have approximately three times the colon cancer risk, compared to those who rarely eat meat. † Eating meat encourages the growth of cancer, (ThePhysicians Committee) while plant-based diets promotes a healthy lifestyle that reduces such negative health impacts (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Diets that are rich in fiber, such as a Vegetarian diet, speeds the passage of food through the colon, effectively removing carcinogens, changing the type of bacteria that is present in the intestine, so that there is a reduced production of carcinogenic secondary bile acids. Anti-cancer compounds. Those reasons explain why, vegetarians are at the lowest risk for cancer and have a significantly reduced risk compared to meat-eaters (The Physicians Committee).According to new research in Austrian vegetarians, â€Å"Many people who go vegetarian do so because they are experiencing health problems† (Messing, 2014). Eating meat as we do is killing us, and according to Dry. Frank Huh, c o-author of a new Harvard study on the topic, what is new â€Å"is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption. † The magnitude for processed meat is even greater than that. The Harvard study concluded that one serving of red meat a day increases the risk of early death by 13 percent. The same single daily serving of processed meat (like bacon or hot dog) increases that risk by 20 percent.And â€Å"one serving† means that little deck-of-cards sized lump that doesn't satisfy anyone over the age of 10. Huh acknowledged that â€Å"it's not really surprising because red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. What is surprising is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption† (Hoffman, 2014). There are both pros and cons when it comes to eating or not eating meat, but the cons of not eating meat are easier to fix than the health rela ted problems that come with eating meat.Eating less or no meat requires change, real change that involves having a clear understanding of meat's critical role in our lives. Just knowing how negative the impacts of eating meat are to the overall health of each person and the evidence that proves it, Mark Batman's claim stands true. Real change in the right direction something that Mark Batman predicts will eventually occur and he believes that his solution to tax Junk food will enable that. The money that comes from taxing Junk food, would be used to subsidize public health measures like making fruits and vegetables less expensive and more widely accessible.Batman compares this change in food to, great strides for minorities, the establishment of Medicare, and tremendous strides for women. By regulating Cafes Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and taxing Junk, Batman presumes that change is going to happen, and assumes that we are Just too impatient. He believes that the change t hat we want to see is not coming as quickly as we would like it to, and the thing that we need to realize is that real change is a slow process (Ottawa). It took over 20 years, in order to revise nutrition labels.That revision had a â€Å"dramatic effect on what people choose to eat and drink and what products sell in permeates† (Museum Chaw and Thompson). With this improvement, people felt less defeated, now that they had a clearer understanding of the labels and could differentiate between items such as sugars, natural and added. We need to educate the lost by, discouraging the consumption of bad food and encouraging the consumption of good food (Batman, 2012). Previously, before label and other food changes, consumers would Just eat items without knowing what they Just ate.Due to their lack of understanding and the companies' lack of clarification, people would eat more than they needed, resulting in an unhealthy body weight. As someone who likes labels, especially when I am trying to stick to a healthy diet. To avoid the defeat, I would have to do the majority of my cooking at home, homemade. Due to the validated knowledge that has been brought to my attention, I believe that Mark Batman's argument is solid. In Mark Batman's Ted Talk he helps the viewers understand the importance of home cooking and how straying away from it might seem easy, but not at all as healthy as actually knowing what they are eating.Batman states that, â€Å"It is really important to be a home cook,† and informs us that throughout history we have lost that concept. Between the years of 1950-2000, many were sucked into the idea of convenience and the quality of home cooked meals â€Å"was down the tubes† (Batman, 2012) Fewer meals consisted of home cooked breads, desserts and soups, because it all could be purchased at any store. In the ass, women began to enter the workforce, and due to a lack of time and patience, they brought home store bought meals for their families.Home cooking was in a bad state, due to the appealing contents in convenient foods (Batman, 2007). In order for healthy home cooked meals to recycle back up the food chain, â€Å"We need to start acting. We need to start eating and cooking with less meat. Instead of going for meat, go for healthier proteins, such as nuts. â€Å"The time has come to stop raising them industrially and stop eating them thoughtlessly' (Batman. 2007). We need to start considering the piece of ham on our breakfast plates, and where it came from before it lands on our grocery store shelves (Brooks).Knowing that eating meat is hazardous, makes me not regret my choice of becoming a vegetarian. This knowledge is not something that should be kept to myself. I feel safe, and feel as if it is my moral obligation to inform meat eaters of the deadly consequences that they redundantly face, like Mark Batman does. I would gladly recommend meat eaters, especially those who do it excessively and thoughtles sly, to watch the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat. His talk is based off of research that has been done by credible sources such as Batman himself, and I am in agreement with his valid claim.

Bus Reservation System Essays

Bus Reservation System Essays Bus Reservation System Paper Bus Reservation System Paper A PROJECT REPORT ON BUS RESERVATION SYSTEM Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Award of degree of Post Graduate Diploma In Information Technology (2008-10) Submitted By: BRIJ MOHAN DAMMANI 200852200 Submitted to: Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune 411016, Maharashtra, India ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project like this takes quite a lot of time to do properly. As is often the case, this project owes its existence and certainly its quality to a number of people, whose name does not appear on the cover. Among them is one of the most extra ordinary programmers it has been my pleasure to work with Mr. Ankur Kaushik, who did more than just check the facts by offering thoughtful logic where needed to improve the project as a whole. We also thank to Mr. Sh. Hardayal Singh (H. O. D. -MCA Deptt. Engineering College Bikaner) who deserves credit for helping me done the project and taking care of all the details that most programmers really don’t think about. Errors and confusions are my responsibility, but the quality of the project is to their credit and we can only thank them. We are highly thankful and feel obliged to Milan Travels staff members for nice Co-Operation and valuable suggestions in my project work. We owe my obligation to my friends and other colleagues in the computer field for their co-operation and support. We thank God for being on my side. Contents Chapter 1Introduction Chapter 2 Development model Chapter 3System Study Chapter 4Project Monitoring System Chapter 5System Analysis Chapter 6Operating Environment Chapter 7System Design Chapter 8System Testing Chapter 9System Implementation Chapter 10Conclusion Chapter 11Scope of the Project Introuction In bus reservation system there has been a collection of buses, agent who are booking tickets for customer’s journey which give bus number and departure time of the bus. According to its name it manages the details of all agent, tickets, rental details, and timing details and so on. It also manages the updating of the objects. In the tour detail there is information about bus, who has been taking customers at their destination, it also contain the detailed information about the customer, who has been taken from which bus and at what are the number of members he or she is taking his/her journey. This section also contain the details of booking time of the seat(s) or collecting time of the tickets, this section also contain the booking date and the name of agent which is optional, by which the customer can reserve the seats for his journey In Bus no category it contains the details of buses which are old/new. New buses are added with the details with bus no, from city to the city, type of the bus, rent of a single seat, if the bus has sleeper than the cost of sleeper, if the cabin has the facility for sitting than the cost of cabin seats, tour timings of the new bus has also been stored. How many buses are currently given and available in office? In seats specification, it gives the list of given issued and currently available seats and contain the information about seats like sleeper, cabin etc. The main objective of this project is to provide the better work efficiency, security, accuracy, reliability, feasibility. The error occurred could be reduced to nil and working conditions can be improved. Development model Software Process Model Our project life cycle uses the waterfall model, also known as classic life cycle model or linear sequential model. The Waterfall Model The waterfall model encompasses the following activities: 1. System/information Engineering and Modeling System Engineering and Analysis encompass requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of Top-level design and analysis. Information Engineering encompasses requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level. 2. Software requirements analysis Software requirements analysis involves requirements for both the system and the software to be document and reviewed with the customer. . Design Software design is actually a multi-step process that focuses on for distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interfaces representation and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be accessed for quality before coding begins. 4. Code Generation Code-Generation phase translates the design into a machine-readable form. 5. Testing Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statement have been tested, and on the functional externals; that is, conducting test to uncover errors and ensure that define input will produce actual results that agree with required results. 6. Support Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to the customer. Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements. System Study Before the project can begin, it becomes necessary to estimate the work to be done, the resource that will be required, and the time that will elapse from start to finish. During making such a plan we visited site many more times. 3. 1 Project planning objectives The objective of software project planning is to provide a framework that enables the management to make reasonable estimates of resources, cost, and schedule. These estimates are made within limited time frame at the beginning of a software project and should be updated regularly as the project progresses. In addition, estimates should attempt to define best case and worst case scenarios so that project outcomes can be bounded. 3. 2 Software Scope The first activity in software project planning is the determination of software scope. Software scope describes the data and control to be processed, function, performance, constraints, interfaces, and reliability. 3. 2. 1 Gathering Information Necessary for Scope The most commonly used technique to bridge communication gap between customer and the software developer to get the communication process started is to conduct a preliminary meeting or interview. When I visited the site we have been introduced to the Manager of the center, there were two other persons out of one was the technical adviser and another one was the cost accountant. Neither of us knows what to ask or say; we were very much worried that what we say will be misinterpreted. We started to asking context-free questions; that is, a set of questions that will lead to a basic understanding of the problem. The first set of context-free questions was like this: What do you want to be done? Who will use this solution? What is wrong with your existing working systems? Is there another source for the solution? Can you show us (or describe) the environment in which the solution will be used? After first round of above asked questions. We revisited the site and asked many more questions considering to final set of questions. Are our questions relevant to the problem that you need to be solved? Are we asking too many questions? Should we be asking you anything else? 3. 2. 2 Feasibility Not everything imaginable is feasible, not even in software. Software feasibility has four dimensions: Technology- is a project technically feasible? Is it within the state of the art? Finance – Is it financially feasible? Time- will the project be completed within specified time? Resources- does the organization have the resources needed to succeed? After taking into consideration of above said dimensions, we found it could be feasible for us to develop this project. 3. 3 Software Project Estimation Software cost and effort estimation will never be an exact science. Too may variables- human, technical, environmental, political- can affect the ultimate cost of software and effort applied to develop it. However, software project estimation can be transformed a black art to a series of systematic steps that provide estimates with acceptable risk. To achieve reliable cost and effort estimates, a number of options arise: 1. Delay estimation until late in the project (since, we can achieve 100% accurate estimates after the project is complete! ) 2. Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed. 3. Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates. 4. Use one or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation. Unfortunately, the first option, however attractive, is not practical. Cost estimates must be provided â€Å"Up front†. However, we should recognize that the longer we wait, the more we know, and the more we know, the less likely we are to make serious errors in our estimates. The second option can work reasonably well, if the current project is quite similar to past efforts and other project influences (e. g. , the customer, business conditions, the SEE, deadlines) are equivalent. Unfortunately past experience has not always been a good indicator of future results. The remaining options are viable approaches the software project estimation. Ideally, the techniques noted for each option be applied in tandem; each used as cross check for the other. Decomposition techniques take a â€Å"divide and conquer† approach to software project estimation. By decomposing a project into major functions and related software engineering activities, cost and effort estimation can be performed in the stepwise fashion. Empirical estimation models can be used to complement decomposition techniques and offer a potentially valuable estimation approach in their own right. A model based on experience (historical data) and takes the form D = f (vi) Where d is one of a number of estimated values (e. g. , effort, cost, project duration and we are selected independent parameters (e. g. , estimated LOC (line of code)). Each of the viable software cost estimation options is only as good as the historical data used to seed the estimate. If no historical data exist, costing rests on a very shaky foundation. Project Monitoring System 4. 1 PERT Chart: Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM) are two project scheduling methods that can be applied to software development. These techniques are driven by following information: Estimates of Effort A decomposition of the product function The selection of the appropriate process model and task set Decomposition of tasks PERT chart for this application software is illustrated in figure 3. 1. The critical Path for this Project is Design, Code generation and Integration and testing. Figure 4. 1 PERT charts for â€Å"Bus Reservation System†. 4. 2 Gantt Chart: Gantt chart which is also known as Timeline chart contains the information like effort, duration, start date, completion date for each task. A timeline chart can be developed for the entire project. Below in figure 4. 2 we have shown the Gantt chart for the project. All project tasks have been listed in the left-hand column. Start: May 17, 2010. Work tasksPlanned startActual startPlanned completeActual CompleteNotes 1. 1Identify needs and benefits Meet with customers Identified needs and constraints Established Product Statement Milestone: Product statement defined 1. 2Defined Desiredoutput/control/input (OCI) Scope modes of interacton Documented (OCI) FTR: reviewed OCI with customer Revised OCI as required Milestone: OCI defined 1. 3Defined the function/behavior Milestone: Data Modeling completed . 4Isolation software elements Coding Reports 1. 5 Integration and Testing Wk1,d1 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk2,d1 Wk2,d1 Wk3,d3 Wk4,d1 Wk4,d3 Wk5,d1 Wk5,d1 W9,d1 Wk1,d1 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk5,d2 Wk6,d1 Wk7,d6 W9,d3 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk2,d2 Wk2,d3 Wk3,d5 Wk4,d2 Wk4,d5 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk5,d5 W7,d5 W8,d6 W11,d3 Analysis and design is more time consuming. Finish: Aug 15 , 2010 Figure: 4. 2 Gant chart for the Bus reservation System. Note: Wk1- week1, d1- day1. System Analysis Software requirements analysis is a process of discovery, refinement, modeling, and specification. Requirement analysis proves the software designer with a representation of information, function, and behavior that can be translated to data, architectural interface, and component -level designs. To perform the job properly we need to follow as set of underlying concepts and principles of Analysis. 5. 1 Analysis Principles Over the past two decades, a large number of analysis modeling methods have been developed. Investigators have identified analysis problems and their caused and have developed a variety of modeling notations and corresponding ets of heuristics to overcome them. Each analysis method has a unique point of view. However, all analysis methods are related by a set of operational principles: 1. The information domain of a problem must be represented and understood. 2. The functions that the software is to perform must be defined. 3. The behavior of the software (as a consequence of external events) must be represented. 4. The models that depict information function and behavior must be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in layered (or hierarchical) fashion. 5. The analysis process should move from essential information toward implementation detail. By applying these principles, we approach the problem systematically. The information domain is examined so that function may be understood more completely. Models are used so that the characteristics of function and behavior can be communicated in a compact fashion. Partitioning is applied to reduce complexity. Essential and implementation vies of the software are necessary to accommodate the logical constraints imposed any processing requirements and the physical constraints imposed by other system elements. We have tried to takes above said principles to heart so that we could provide an excellent foundation for design. 5. 1. 1 The Information Domain All software applications can be collectively called data processing. Software is built to process data, to transform data from one form to another; that is, to accept input, manipulate it in some way, and produce output. This fundamental statement of objective is true whether we build batch software for a payroll system or real-time embedded software to control fuel flow to an automobile engine. The first operational analysis principle requires an examination of the information domain and the creation of a data model. The information domain contains three different views of the data and control as each is processed by a computer program: (1)information contend and relationships (the data model) (2)information flow, and (3)Information structure. To fully understand the information domain, each of these views should be considered. Information content represents the individual data and control objects that constitute some larger collection of information transformed by the software. For example, the data object, Status declare is a composite of a number of important pieces of data: the aircraft’s name, the aircraft’s model, ground run, no of hour flying and so forth. Therefore, the content of Status declares is defined by the attributes that are needed to create it. Similarly, the content of a control object called System status might be defined by a string of bits. Each bit represents a separate item of information that indicates whether or not a particular device is on-or off-line. Data and control objects can be related to other data and control objects. For example, the date object Status declare has one or more relationships with the objects like total no of flying, period left for the maintenance of aircraft an others. Information flow represents the manner in which date and control change as each moves through a system. Referring to figure 6. 1, input objects are transformed to intermediate information (data and / or control), which is further transformed to output. Along this transformation path, additional information may be introduced from an existing date store ( e. g. , a disk file or memory buffer). The transformations applied to the date are functions or sub functions that a program must perform. Data and control that move between two transformations define the interface for each function. Figure 5. 1 Information flow and transformation. 5. 1. 2 Modeling The second and third operational analysis principles require that we build models of function and behavior. Functional models. Software transforms information, and in order to accomplish this, it must perform at lease three generic functions: Input Processing And output. The functional model begins with a single context level model (i. e. , the name of the software to be built). Over a series of iterations, more and more functional detail is gathered, until a through delineation of all system functionality is represented. Behavioral models. Most software responds to events from the outside world. This stimulus/response characteristic forms the basis of the behavioral model. A computer program always exists in some state- an externally observable mode of behavior (e. g. , waiting, computing, printing, and polling) that is changed only when some even occurs. For example, in our case the project will remain in the wait state until: We click OK command button when first window appears An external event like mouse click cause an interrupt and consequently main window appears by asking the username and password. This external system (providing password and username) signals the project to act in desired manner as per need. A behavioral model creates a representation of the states of the software and the events that cause software to change state. 5. 1. 2 Partitioning (Divide) Problems are often too large and complex to be understood as a whole, for this reason, se tend to partition (divide) such problems into parts that can be easily under stood and establish interfaces between the part so that overall function can be accomplished. The fourth operational analysis principle suggests that the information, functional, and behavioral domains of software can be partitioned. In essence, partitioning decomposes problem intoits constituent parts. Conceptually, we establish a hierarchical representation of function or information and then partition and uppermost element by 1)exposing increasing detail by moving vertically in the hierarchy or (2)Functionally decomposing the problem my moving horizontally in the hierarchy. To issulstate these partitioning approaches let us consider our project â€Å"Bus Reservation System†. Horizontal partitioning and vertical partitioning of Bus Reservation system is shown below. Horizontal partitioning: Bus Reservation Syst em System configurationPassword acceptanceInteract with user During installation, the software (Bus Reservation System) used to program and configure the system. A master password is programmed for getting in to the software system. After this step only user can work in the environments (right cornor naming operation, administration and maintenance) only. Vertical partitioning of Bus Reservation System function: Bus Reservation System Configure systemUsername and Password AcceptanceRejection Interact with userFail Retry Operating Environment 6. 1 Hardware Specification: Server Side: Core 2 Due 2. 4GHz and Above 2 GB of Random Access Memory and Above 160 GB Hard Disk Client Side: Pentium-IV 1. 5MHs and Above 512 MB of Random Access Memory and Above 80 GB Hard Disk Software Specification: Environment: . NET Framework 3. Technologies: ASP. NET, C# Database: MS Access Software: Visual Studio 2008, Notepad ++ OS: Windows server 2003 R2, Windows XP SP2 Browser: IE7, IE8, FF 3. 5 6. 2. 1 Front-end Environment (. NET Framework) The Internet revolution of the late 1990s represented a dramatic shift in the way individuals and organizations communicate with each other. Traditional applications, such as word processors and accounting packages, are modeled as stand-alone applications: they offer users the capability to perform tasks using data stored on the system the application resides and executes on. Most new software, in contrast, is modeled based on a distributed computing model where applications collaborate to provide services and expose functionality to each other. As a result, the primary role of most new software is changing into supporting information exchange (through Web servers and browsers), collaboration (through e-mail and instant messaging), and individual expression (through Web logs, also known as Blogs, and e-zines - Web based magazines). Essentially, the basic role of software is changing from providing discrete functionality to providing services. The . NET Framework represents a unified, object-oriented set of services and libraries that embrace the changing role of new network-centric and network-aware software. In fact, the . NET Framework is the first platform designed from the ground up with the Internet in mind. Microsoft . NET Framework is a software component that is a part of several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It has a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The . NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Benefits of the . NET Framework The . NET Framework offers a number of benefits to developers: ? A consistent programming model ? Direct support for security ? Simplified development efforts ? Easy application deployment and maintenance The . NET Class Library is a key component of the . NET Framework - it is sometimes referred to as the Base Class Library (BCL). The . NET Class Library contains hundreds of classes you can use for tasks such as the following: Processing XML Working with data from multiple data sources Debugging your code and working with event logs Working with data streams and files Managing the run-time environment Developing Web services, components, and standard Windows applications Working with application security Working with directory services The functionality that the . NET Class Library provides is available to all . NET language s, resulting in a consistent object model regardless of the programming language developer’s use. Elements of the . NET Framework The . NET Framework consists of three key elements as show in below diagram Components of the . NET Framework ?Common Language Runtime ?. NET Class Library ?Unifying components 1. Common Language Runtime The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is a layer between an application and the operating system it executes on. The CLR simplifies an applications design and reduces the amount of code developers need to write because it provides a variety of execution services that include memory management, thread management, component lifetime management, and default error handling. The CLR is also responsible for compiling code just before it executes. Instead of producing a binary representation of your code, as traditional compilers do, . NET compilers produce a representation of your code in a language common to the . NET Framework: Microsoft Intermediate Language, often referred to as IL. When your code executes for the first time, the CLR invokes a special compiler called a Just In Time (JIT) compiler, Because all . NET languages have the same compiled representation, they all have similar performance characteristics. This means that a program written in Visual Basic . NET can perform as well as the same program written in Visual C++ . NET. 2. NET Class Library The . NET Class Library containing hundreds of classes that model the system and services it provides. To make the . NET Class Library easier to work with and understand, its divided into namespaces. The root namespace of the . NET Class Library is called System, and it contains core classes and data types, such as Int32, Object, Array, and Console. Secondary namespaces reside within the System namespace. Examples of nested namespaces include the following: System. Diagnostics: Contains classes for working with the Event Log System. Data: Makes it easy to work with data from multiple data sources System. IO: Contains classes for working with files and data streams The benefits of using the . NET Class Library include a consistent set of services available to all . NET languages and simplified deployment, because the . NET Class Library is available on all implementations of the . NET Framework. 3. Unifying components Until this point, this chapter has covered the low-level components of the . NET Framework. The unifying components, listed next, are the means by which you can access the services the . NET Framework provides: ASP. NET Windows Forms Visual Studio . NET ASP. NET After the release of Internet Information Services 4. 0 in 1997, Microsoft began researching possibilities for a new web application model that would solve common complaints about ASP. . ASP. NET introduces two major features: Web Forms and Web Services. 1. Web Forms Developers not familiar with Web development can spend a great deal of time, for example, figuring out how to validate the e-mail address on a form. You can validate the information on a form by using a client-side script or a server-side script. Deciding which kind of script to use is complicated by the fact that each approach has its benefits and drawbacks, some of which arent apparent unless youve done substantial design work. If you validate the form on the client by using client-side JScript code, you need to take into consideration the browser that your users may use to access the form. Not all browsers expose exactly the same representation of the document to programmatic interfaces. If you validate the form on the server, you need to be aware of the load that users might place on the server. The server has to validate the data and send the result back to the client. Web Forms simplify Web development to the point that it becomes as easy as dragging and dropping controls onto a designer (the surface that you use to edit a page) to design interactive Web applications that span from client to server. 2. Web Services A Web service is an application that exposes a programmatic interface through standard access methods. Web Services are designed to be used by other applications and components and are not intended to be useful directly to human end users. Web Services make it easy to build applications that integrate features from remote sources. For example, you can write a Web Service that provides weather information for subscribers of your service instead of having subscribers link to a page or parse through a file they download from your site. Clients can simply call a method on your Web Service as if they are calling a method on a component installed on their system - and have the weather information available in an easy-to-use format that they can integrate into their own applications or Web sites with no trouble. Introducing ASP. NET ASP. NET, the next version of ASP, is a programming framework that is used to create enterprise-class Web applications. The enterprise-class Web applications are accessible on a global basis, leading to efficient information management. However, the advantages that ASP. NET offers make it more than just the next version of ASP. ASP. NET is integrated with Visual Studio . NET, which provides a GUI designer, a rich toolbox, and a fully integrated debugger. This allows the development of applications in a What You See is What You Get (WYSIWYG) manner. Therefore, creating ASP. NET applications is much simpler. Unlike the ASP runtime, ASP. NET uses the Common Language Runtime (CLR) provided by the . NET Framework. The CLR is the . NET runtime, which manages the execution of code. The CLR allows the objects, which are created in different languages, to interact with each other and hence removes the language barrier. CLR thus makes Web application development more efficient. In addition to simplifying the designing of Web applications, the . NET CLR offers many advantages. Some of these advantages are listed as follows. Improved performance: The ASP. NET code is a compiled CLR code instead of an interpreted code. The CLR provides just-in-time compilation, native optimization, and caching. Here, it is important to note that compilation is a two-stage process in the . NET Framework. First, the code is compiled into the Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). Then, at the execution time, the MSIL is compiled into native code. Only the portions of the code that are actually needed will be compiled into native code. This is called Just In Time compilation. These features lead to an overall improved performance of ASP. NET applications. Flexibility: The entire . NET class library can be accessed by ASP. NET applications. You can use the language that best applies to the type of functionality you want to implement, because ASP. NET is language independent. Configuration settings: The application-level configuration settings are stored in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) format. The XML format is a hierarchical text format, which is easy to read and write. This format makes it easy to apply new settings to applications without the aid of any local administration tools. Security: ASP. NET applications are secure and use a set of default authorization and authentication schemes. However, you can modify these schemes according to the security needs of an application. In addition to this list of advantages, the ASP. NET framework makes it easy to migrate from ASP applications. Creating an ASP. NET Application After youve set up the development environment for ASP. NET, you can create your first ASP. NET Web application. You can create an ASP. NET Web application in one of the following ways: Use a text editor: In this method, you can write the code in a text editor, such as Notepad, and save the code as an ASPX file. You can save the ASPX file in the directory C:inetpubwwwroot. Then, to display the output of the Web page in Internet Explorer, you simply need to type http://localhost/. aspx in the Address box. If the IIS server is installed on some other machine on the network, replacelocalhost with the name of the server. If you save the file in some other directory, you need to add the file to a virtual directory in the Default WebSite directory on the IIS server. You can also create your own virtual directory and add the file to it. Use the VS. NET IDE: In this method, you use the IDE of Visual Studio . NET to create a Web page in a WYSIWYG manner. Also, when you create a Web application, the application is automatically created on a Web server (IIS server). You do not need to create a separate virtual directory on the IIS server. Characteristics Pages ASP. NET pages, known officially as web forms, are the main building block for application development. Web forms are contained in files with an ASPX extension; in programming jargon, these files typically contain static (X)HTML markup, as well as markup defining server-side Web Controls and User Controls where the developers place all the required static and dynamic content for the web page. Additionally, dynamic code which runs on the server can be placed in a page within a block which is similar to other web development technologies such as PHP, JSP, and ASP, but this practice is generally discouraged except for the purposes of data binding since it requires more calls when rendering the page. Note that this sample uses code inline, as opposed to code behind. protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { Label1. Text = DateTime. Now. ToLongDateString(); } Sample page The current time is: Code-behind model It is recommended by Microsoft for dealing with dynamic program code to use the code-behind model, which places this code in a separate file or in a specially designated script tag. Code-behind files typically have names like MyPage. aspx. cs or MyPage. aspx. vb based on the ASPX file name (this practice is automatic in Microsoft Visual Studio and other IDEs). When using this style of programming, the developer writes code to respond to different events, like the page being loaded, or a control being clicked, rather than a procedural walk through the document. ASP. NETs code The above tag is placed at the beginning of the ASPX file. The CodeFile property of the @ Page directive specifies the file (. cs or . b) acting as the code-behind while the Inherits property specifies the Class the Page derives from. In this example, the @ Page directive is included in SamplePage. aspx, then SampleCodeBehind. aspx. cs acts as the code-behind for this page: using System; namespace Website { public partial class SampleCodeBehind : System. Web. UI. Page { protected override void Page_Load(EventArgs e) { base. OnLoad(e); } } } In this case, the Page_Load () method is called every time the ASPX page is requested. The programmer can implement event handlers at several stages of the page execution process to perform processing. User controls ASP. NET supports creating reusable components through the creation of User Controls. A User Control follows the same structure as a Web Form, except that such controls are derived from the System. Web. UI. UserControl class, and are stored in ASCX files. Like ASPX files, a ASCX contains static HTML or XHTML markup, as well as markup defining web control and other User Controls. The code-behind model can be used. Programmers can add their own properties, methods, and event handlers. An event bubbling mechanism provides the ability to pass an event fired by a user control up to its containing page. Template engine When first released, ASP. NET lacked a template engine. Because the . NET framework is object-oriented and allows for inheritance, many developers would define a new base class that inherits from System. Web. UI. Page, write methods here that render HTML, and then make the pages in their application inherit from this new class. While this allows for common elements to be reused across a site, it adds complexity and mixes source code with markup. Furthermore, this method can only be visually tested by running the application not while designing it. Other developers have used include files and other tricks to avoid having to implement the same navigation and other elements in every page. ASP. NET 2. 0 introduced the concept of master pages, which allow for template-based page development. A web application can have one or more master pages, which can be nested. Master templates have place-holder controls, called ContentPlaceHolders to denote where the dynamic content goes, as well as HTML and JavaScript shared across child pages. Child pages use those ContentPlaceHolder controls, which must be mapped to the place-holder of the master page that the content page is populating. The rest of the page is defined by the shared parts of the master page, much like a mail merge in a word processor. All markup and server controls in the content page must be placed within the ContentPlaceHolder control. When a request is made for a content page, ASP. NET merges the output of the content page with the output of the master page, and sends the output to the user. The master page remains fully accessible to the content page. This means that the content page may still manipulate headers, change title, configure caching etc. If the master page exposes public properties or methods (e. . for setting copyright notices) the content page can use these as well. Performance ASP. NET aims for performance benefits over other script-based technologies (including Classic ASP) by compiling the server-side code to one or more DLL files on the web server. This compilation happens automatically the first time a page is requested (which means the developer need not perform a separate com pilation step for pages). This feature provides the ease of development offered by scripting languages with the performance benefits of a compiled binary. However, the compilation might cause a noticeable but short delay to the web user when the newly-edited page is first requested from the web server, but wont again unless the page requested is updated further. The ASPX and other resource files are placed in a virtual host on an Internet Information Services server (or other compatible ASP. NET servers; see Other Implementations, below). The first time a client requests a page, the . NET framework parses and compiles the file(s) into a . NET assembly and sends the response; subsequent requests are served from the DLL files. By default ASP. NET will compile the entire site in batches of 1000 files upon first request. If the compilation delay is causing problems, the batch size or the compilation strategy may be tweaked. Developers can also choose to pre-compile their code before deployment, eliminating the need for just-in-time compilation in a production environment. Database Queries The most common operation in SQL databases is the query, which is performed with the declarative SELECT keyword. SELECT retrieves data from a specified table, or multiple related tables, in a database. While often grouped with Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements, the standard SELECT query is considered separate from SQL DML, as it has no persistent effects on the data stored in a database. Note that there are some platform-specific variations of SELECT that can persist their effects in a database, such as the SELECT INTO syntax that exists in some databases. SQL queries allow the user to specify a description of the desired result set, but it is left to the devices of the database management system (DBMS) to plan, optimize, and perform the physical operations necessary to produce that result set in as efficient a manner as possible. An SQL query includes a list of columns to be included in the final result immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk (*) can also be used as a wildcard indicator to specify that all available columns of a table (or multiple tables) are to be returned. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with several optional keywords and clauses, including: The FROM clause which indicates the source table or tables from which the data is to be retrieved. The FROM clause can include optional JOIN clauses to join related tables to one another based on user-specified criteria. The WHERE clause includes a comparison predicate, which is used to restrict the number of rows returned by the query. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause. The WHERE clause eliminates all rows from the result set where the comparison predicate does not evaluate to True. The GROUP BY clause is used to combine, or group, rows with related values into elements of a smaller set of rows. GROUP BY is often used in conjunction with SQL aggregate functions or to eliminate duplicate rows from a result set. The HAVING clause includes a comparison predicate used to eliminate rows after the GROUP BY clause is applied to the result set. Because it acts on the results of the GROUP BY clause, aggregate functions can be used in the HAVING clause predicate. The ORDER BY clause is used to identify which columns are used to sort the resulting data, and in which order they should be sorted (options are ascending or descending). The order of rows returned by an SQL query is never guaranteed unless an ORDER BY clause is specified. The following is an example of a SELECT query that returns a list of expensive books. The query retrieves all rows from the Book table in which the price column contains a value greater than 100. 00. The result is sorted in ascending order by title. The asterisk (*) in the select list indicates that all columns of the Book table should be included in the result set. SELECT * FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 ORDER BY title; The example below demonstrates the use of multiple tables in a join, grouping, and aggregation in an SQL query, by returning a list of books and the number of authors associated with each book. SELECT Book. title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book JOIN Book_author ON Book. isbn = Book_author. isbn GROUP BY Book. title; Example output might resemble the following: Title Authors s and Guide 3 The Joy of SQL 1 How to use Wikipedia 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 How SQL Saved my Dog 1 (The underscore character _ is often used as part of table and column names to separate descriptive words because other punctuation tends to conflict with SQL syntax. For example, a dash - would be interpreted as a minus sign. ) Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only xists in the Books table, the above query could be rewritten in the following form: SELECT title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book NATURAL JOIN Book_author GROUP BY title; However, many vendors either do not support this approach, or it requires certain column naming conventions. Thus, it is less common in practice. Data retrieval is very often combined with data projection when the user is looking for calculated values and not just the verbatim data stored in primitive data types, or when the data needs to be expressed in a form that is d ifferent from how its stored. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example which returns a list of books that cost more than 100. 00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price. SELECT isbn, title, price, price * 0. 06 AS sales_tax FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 ORDER BY title; Some modern day SQL queries may include extra WHERE statements that are conditional to each other. They may look like this example: SELECT isbn, title, price, date FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 AND (date = 16042004 OR date = 16042005) ORDER BY title; Chapter 7 System Design E-R DIAGRAM: The following DFD shows how the working of a reservation system could be smoothly managed: DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: We have STARBUS as our database and some of our tables (relation) are such as AGENT_BASIC_INFO, FEEDBACK, PASSANGER_INFO, STATIS and TIMELIST STARBUS In our table AGENT_BASIC_INFO we have following field such as agent_id, agent_name, agent_name, agent_fname, agent_shop_name, agent_shop_address, agent_shop_city, agent_phon_number etc. AGENT_BASIC_INFO In our FEEDBACK table we have fields like name, Email, Phon, Subject, Comment, and User_type. In our table PASSANGER_INFO we have filed like bill_no, c_name, c_phone, c_to, c_from, c_time, Ttalseat, Seatnumber, Amount, Agent_id and Status. In the table of TIME_LIST we have fields such as Sno, Satation_name, Rate_per_seat, Time, Reach_time and Bus_number. PROCESS LOGIC: As the privatization of buses is increasing thus the need of its smooth management is also increasing the more we could facilitate the customers, the more they are comfortable with us, the more customers we have visiting our reservation unit . the above tables and modules facilitates many logics like: ? Number of buses in one unit Number of computers in particular department ?Number of users in a department ?Which bus has what tour on which day ?What are time table for different buses of different department ? What are the schedule for buses ?Schedule of a particular bus ?How many buses are there ?Each bus has how many seats ?How many seats are occupied ?Advance booking for seat ?How much money is collected in a particular day ?Bills for different customers ?Which seat has booked by agent 1. Index page This webpage is the starting page of the Website. It gives the followings: ?TollFree number of the other city. Display advantage of the StarBus ?Links for Agent list and seat status. ?Links for Feedback, FAQ, Terms and Conditions. 2. Status. As in the above image the Status webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Information about the booking which seat is booked and which is empty. 3. Agent name. As in the above image the Agent name webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Contains information about name, address and phone number of the agent. 4. Feedback As in the above image Feedback webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?Anyone can give feedback related to the site or services. Links for Terms and Condition’s and Policy and Privacy. 5. FAQ As in the above image FAQ webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?Contain information about tour a nd services of web site. Such as how many agent office are there and what is the mode Of the pament. 6. Privacy Policy: As in the above image the Privacy and Policy webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?This page say that when customer using our services, we required information about customer his/her name, age, route and email so that we can inform them to there email also. 7. Terms and Conditions. As in the above image the Terms and Conditions webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Useful for customer ?Contain information when to reach the starting point and what should do, in case when our ticket is lost. 8. Login page As in the image Login webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by the agent. ?Agent entered its user name and password and click on login. ?Contain link for Forget Password. 9. Forget Password Page As in the image Forget Password webpage is displaying: ?It required user name who forget its password and then click on Next button. ?And also provide link for administration and other. 0. Identity Confirmation. As in the above image Identify Confirmation for user webpage is displaying: ?The Question you have select at the time of registration. ?You need to enter the answer for that question. ?After click on Next button. You will get your password on the show password webpage. 11. Ticket Booking page. As in the above image the ticket booking page is displaying: ?Only a ccessed by the agent. ?Select the destination, departure date and time. 11. Select Seat page As in the above image the Select Seat page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the agent. ?Red seat indicates booked seat. You can choose rest of the seat. It will be converted into green seat. 12. Customer Information page As in the above image the Customer Information webpage is displaying: ?After selecting the seat. ?Agent enters the name and phnumber of the customer. ?Click on Go button for printing the ticket. 13. Ticket Print page As in the above image the Ticket print webpage is displaying: ?This page prints the Customer ticket. ?This contain customer information such as name, destination, Number of seat. ?These also reduce the agent balance. 14. Search Ticket. As in the above image the Ticket Search webpage is displaying: Only accessed by the Agent and Administration. ? Using PNR number, Agent can search the ticket. 15. Ticket Cancellation As in the above image the Ticket cancellation webpage is displaying- ?Only accessed by the Agent and Administration ?Using PNR number, Agent can see the status ticket. 16. Change Password As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Agent ?Agent can change password by entering the old and new password Administrator Section: 17. Create Agent: As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Administrator. New agents are added by this page ?Required following information:- ?Username ?Password ?Email ?Security Question. ?Security Answer. ?After click on Create user button it will send you on Agent Basic Information webpage. 18. Agent Basic Information page As in the above image the agent’s Basic information web page is displaying: ?Agents Basic Information are added by this page ? Required following information are :- ?Name ?Father’s Name ?Shop Name ?Shop City ?Shop phone number ?Mobile Number ?Deposit amount 19. Agent List page As in the above image the agent’s List web page is displaying: Only accessed by the Administrator. ?Displaying Agent information such as:- ?Agent ID ?Name ?Shop Name ?Shop City ?Current Balance ?Mobile Number 20. A gent Deposit Amount Page As in the above image the agent’s Deposit Amount web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Administrator. ?Requires agent name and amount he wants to deposit. 21. Search Agent Page Bus List: Feedback List: Chapter 8 System Testing System Testing Once source code has been generated, software must be tested to uncover (and correct) as many errors as possible before delivery to customer. Our goal is to design a series of test cases that have a high likelihood of finding errors. To uncover the errors software techniques are used. These techniques provide systematic guidance for designing test that (1) Exercise the internal logic of software components, and (2) Exercise the input and output domains of the program to uncover errors in program function, behavior and performance. 8. 1 Steps. Software is tested from two different perspectives: (1)Internal program logic is exercised using â€Å"White box† test case design techniques. (2)Software requirements are exercised using â€Å"block box† test case design techniques. In both cases, the intent is to find the maximum number of errors with the minimum amount of effort and time. 8. 2 Strategies A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high-level tests that validate major system functions against customer requirements. A strategy must provide guidance for the practitioner and a set of milestones for the manager. Because the steps of the test strategy occur at a time when deadline pressure begins to rise, progress must be measurable and problems must surface as earl as possible. Following testing techniques are well known and the same strategy is adopted during this project testing. 8. 2. 1 Unit testing: Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design- the software component or module. The unit test is white-box oriented. The module interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows into and of the program unit under test the local data structure has been examined to ensure that data stored temporarily maintains its integrity during all steps in an algorithm’s execution. Boundary conditions are tested to ensure that the module operated properly at boundaries established to limit or restrict processing. All independent paths through the control structure are exercised to ensure that all statements in a module haven executed at least once. 8. 2. 2 Integration testing: Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while at the same time conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective of this test is to take unit tested components and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. . 2. 3 Validation testing: At the culmination of integration testing, software is completely assembled as a package, interfacing errors have been uncovered and corrected, and a final series of software tests- validation testing-may begin. Validation can be defined in many ways, but a simple definition is that validation succeeds when software functions in a manner that can be reasonably expected b y the customer. 8. 2. 4 System testing:System testing is actually a series of different tests whose primary purpose is to fully exercise the computer-based system. Below we have described the two types of testing which have been taken for this project. 8. 2. 4. 1 Security testing Any computer-based system that manages sensitive information causes actions that can improperly harm (or benefit) individuals is a target for improper or illegal penetration. Penetration spans a broad range of activities: hackers who attempt to penetrate system for sport; disgruntled employees who attempt to penetrate for revenge; dishonest individuals who attempt to penetrate for illicit personal gain. For security purposes, when anyone who is not authorized user cannot penetrate this system. When programs first load it check for correct username and password. If any fails to act according will be simply ignored by the system. 8. 2. 4. 2 Performance Testing Performance testing is designed to test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated system. Performance testing occurs throughout all steps in the testing process. Even at the unit level, the performance of an individual module may be assessed as white-box tests are conducted. 8. 3. Criteria for Completion of Testing Every time the customer/user executes a compute program, the program is being tested. This sobering fact underlines the importance of other software quality assurance activities. As much time we run our project that is still sort of testing as Musa and Ackerman said. They have suggested a response that is based on statistical criteria: â€Å"No, we cannot be absolutely certain that the software will never fail, but relative to a theoretically sound and experimentally validated statistical model, we have done sufficient testing to say with 95 percent confidence that the probability of 1000 CPU hours of failure free operation in a probabilistically defined environment is at least 0. 95. † 8. 4 Validation Checks Software testing is one element of broader topic that is often referred to as verification and validation. Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function. Validation refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements . Boehm state this another way: Verification:â€Å"Are we building the product right? † Validation:â€Å"Are we building the right product? † Validation checks are useful when we specify the nature of data input. Let us elaborate what I mean. In this project while entering the data to many text box you will find the use of validation checks. When you try to input wrong data. Your entry will be automatically abandoned. In the very beginning of the project when user wishes to enter into the project, he has to supply the password. This password is validated to certain string, till user won’t supply correct word of string for password he cannot succeed. When you try to edit the record for the trainee in Operation division you will find the validation checks. If you supply the number (digits) for name text box, you won’t get the entry; similarly if you data for trainee code in text (string) format it will be simply abandoned. A validation check facilitates us to work in a greater way. It become necessary for certain Applications like this. Chapter 9 System Implementation Specification, regardless of the mode through which we accomplish it, may be viewed as a representation process. Requirements are represented in manner that ultimately leads to successful software implementation. 9. 1 Specification principles A number of specification principles, adapted from the work of balzer and Goodman can be proposed: 1. Separate functionality from implementation. 2. Develop a model of the desired behavior of a system that encompasses date and the functional responses of a system to various stimuli from the environment. 3. Establish the context in which software operates by specifying the manner in which other system components interact with software. 4. Define the environment in which the system operates. 5. Create a cognitive model rather than a design or implementation model. The cognitive model describes a system as perceived by its user community. 6. Recognize that â€Å"the specifications must be tolerant of incompleteness and augmentable. † 7. Establish the content and structure of a specification in a way that will enable it to be amenable to change. This list of basic specification principles provides a basis for representing software requirements. However, principles must be translated into realization. 9. 1. 2 Representation As we know software requirement may be specified in a variety of ways. However, if requirements are committed to paper a simple set of guidelines is well worth following: Representation format and content should be relevant to the problem. A general outline for the contents of a Software Requirements Specification can be developed. However, the representation forms contained within the specification are likely to vary with the application area. For example, for our automation system we used different symbology, diagrams. Information contained within the specification should be nested. Representations should reveal layers of information so that a reader can move to the level of detail required. Paragraph and diagram numbering schemes should indicate the level of detail that is being presented. It is sometimes worthwhile to present the same information at different levels of abstraction to aid in understanding. Similar guidelines are adhered for my project. Chapter 10 Conclusion To conclude, Project Grid works like a component which can access all the databases and picks up different functions. It overcomes the many limitations incorporated in the . NET Framework. Among the many features availed by the project, the main among them are: Simple editing Insertion of individual images on each cell Insertion of individual colors on each cell Flicker free scrolling Drop-down grid effect Placing of any type of control anywhere in the grid Chapter 11 Scope of the Project Future scope of the project: The project has a very vast scope in future. The project can be implemented on internet in future. Project can be updated in near future as and when requirement for the same arises, as it is very flexible in terms of expansion. With the proposed software of Web Space Manager ready and fully functional the client is now able to manage and hence run the entire work in a much better, accurate and error free manner. The following are the future scope for the project: ?The number of levels that the software is handling can be made unlimited in future from the current status of handling up to N levels as currently laid down by the software. Efficiency can be further enhanced and boosted up to a great extent by normalizing and de-normalizing the database tables used in the project as well as taking the kind of the alternative set of data structures and advanced calculation algorithms available. We can in future generalize the application from its current customized status wherein other vendors developing and working on similar applications can utilize this software and make changes to it according to their business needs. ?Faster processing of information as compared to the current system with high accuracy and reliability. ?Automatic and error free report generation as per the specified format with ease. ?Automatic calculation and generation of correct and precise Bills thus reducing much of the workload on the accounting staff and the errors arising due to manual calculations. With a fully automated solution, lesser staff, better space utilization and peaceful work environment, the company is bound to experience high turnover. A future application of this system lies in the fact that the proposed system would remain relevant in the future. In case there be any additions or deletion of the services, addition or deletion of any reseller in any type of modification in future can be implemented easily. The data collected by the system will be useful for some other purposes also. All these result in high client-satisfaction, hence, more and more business for the company that will scale the company business to new heights in the forthcoming future. References References: Complete Reference of C# Programming in C# Deitel Deitel www. w3schools. com http://en. wikipedia. org The principles of Software Engineering – Roger S. Pressman Software Engineering – Hudson MSDN help provided by Microsoft . NET Object Oriented Programming – Deitel Deitel

The Pirate Hunters

The Pirate Hunters During the Golden Age of Piracy, thousands of pirates plagued the seas from the Caribbean to India. These desperate men sailed under ruthless captains like Edward Blackbeard Teach, Calico Jack Rackham and Black Bart Roberts, attacking and pillaging any merchantman unfortunate enough to cross their path. They did not enjoy complete freedom, however: the authorities were determined to stamp out piracy in any way they could. One of the methods was the employment of pirate hunters, men and ships specifically chartered to hunt pirates down and bring them to justice. The Pirates Pirates were seamen who had tired of the harsh conditions on board naval and merchants vessels. The conditions on those ships were truly inhuman, and piracy, which was more egalitarian, appealed to them greatly. On board a pirate ship, they could share more equally in the profits and they had the freedom to elect their own officers. Soon there were dozens of pirate vessels operating all over the globe and particularly in the Atlantic. By the early 1700s, piracy was a major problem, particularly for England, which controlled much of the Atlantic trade. Pirate vessels were swift and there were many places to hide, so the pirates operated with impunity. Towns like Port Royal and Nassau were essentially controlled by pirates, giving them the safe harbors and access to unscrupulous merchants they needed to sell off their ill-gotten loot. Bringing the Sea-Dogs to Heel The government of England was the first to seriously try to control the pirates. The pirates were operating out of bases in British Jamaica and the Bahamas and they victimized British ships as often as those of any other nation. The English tried different strategies to get rid of the pirates: the two that worked the best were pardons and pirate hunters. The pardons worked best for those men who feared the hangman’s noose or wanted to get out of the life, but the true die-hard pirates would only be brought in by force. Pardons In 1718, the English decided to lay down the law in Nassau. They sent a tough former privateer named Woodes Rogers to be Governor of Nassau and gave him clear orders to get rid of the pirates. The pirates, who essentially controlled Nassau, gave him a warm welcome: notorious pirate Charles Vane fired on the royal navy ships as they entered the harbor. Rogers was not intimidated and was determined to do his job. He had royal pardons for those who were willing to give up the life of piracy. Anyone who wished could sign a contract swearing to never again return to piracy and they would receive a full pardon. As the penalty for piracy was hanging, many pirates, including famous ones like Benjamin Hornigold, accepted the pardon. Some, like Vane, accepted the pardon but soon returned to piracy. The pardons took many pirates off the seas, but the biggest, baddest pirates would never willingly give up the life. Thats where the pirate hunters came in. Pirate Hunters and Privateers For as long as there have been pirates, there have been men hired to hunt them down. Sometimes, the men hired to catch the pirates were pirates themselves. This occasionally led to problems. In 1696, Captain William Kidd, a respected ships captain, was given a privateering commission to attack any French and/or pirate vessels he found. Under the terms of the contract, he could pretty much keep the spoils and enjoyed the protection of England. Many of his sailors were former pirates and not long into the voyage when pickings were scarce, they told Kidd that he had better come up with some plunder†¦or else. In 1698, he attacked and sacked the Queddah Merchant, a Moorish ship with an English captain. Allegedly the ship had French papers, which was good enough for Kidd and his men. However, his arguments did not fly in a British court and Kidd was eventually hanged for piracy. The Death of Blackbeard Edward Blackbeard Teach terrorized the Atlantic between the years of 1716-1718. In 1718, he supposedly retired, accepted a pardon and settled down in North Carolina. In reality, he was still a pirate and was in cahoots with the local governor, who offered him protection in exchange for part of his loot. The Governor of nearby Virginia chartered two warships, the Ranger and the Jane, to capture or kill the legendary pirate. On November 22, 1718, they cornered Blackbeard in Ocracoke Inlet. A fierce battle ensued, and Blackbeard was killed after taking five gunshot wounds and twenty cuts by sword or knife. His head was cut off and displayed: according to legend, his headless body swam around the ship three times before sinking. The End of Black Bart Bartholomew Black Bart Roberts was the greatest of the Golden Age pirates, taking hundreds of ships over a three-year career. He preferred a small fleet of two to four ships that could surround and intimidate his victims. In 1722, a large warship, the Swallow, was sent to get rid of Roberts. When Roberts first sighted the Swallow, he sent one of his ships, the Ranger, to take it: the Ranger  was overpowered, out of sight of Roberts. The Swallow later returned for Roberts, aboard his flagship the Royal Fortune. The ships began firing on one another, and Roberts was killed almost immediately. Without their captain, the other pirates lost heart quickly and surrendered. Eventually, 52 of Roberts men would be found guilty and hanged. The Last Journey of Calico Jack In November of 1720, the Governor of Jamaica got word that notorious pirate John Calico Jack Rackham was working the waters nearby. The governor outfitted a sloop for pirate hunting, named Jonathan Barnet captain and sent them off in pursuit. Barnet caught up with Rackham off of Negril Point. Rackham tried to run, but Barnet was able to corner him. The ships fought briefly: only three of Rackhams pirates put up much of a fight. Among them were the two famous female pirates, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read, who berated the men for their cowardice. Later, in jail, Bonny allegedly said to Rackham: If you had fought like a man, you need not have hanged like a dog. Rackham and his pirates were hanged, but Read and Bonny were spared because they were both pregnant. The Final Battle of Stede Bonnet Stede the Gentleman Pirate Bonnet wasnt really much of a pirate. He was a born landlubber who came from a wealthy family on Barbados. Some say he took up piracy because of a nagging wife. Even though Blackbeard himself showed him the ropes, Bonnet still showed an alarming tendency to attack ships he could not defeat. He might not have had the career of a good pirate, but no one can say he didnt go out like one. On September 27, 1718, Bonnet was cornered by pirate hunters in the Cape Fear inlet. Bonnet put up a furious fight: the Battle of Cape Fear River was one of the most pitched battles in the history of piracy. It was all for nothing: Bonnet and his crew were captured and hanged. Hunting Pirates Today In the eighteenth century, pirate hunters proved effective at hunting down the most notorious pirates and bringing them to justice. True pirates like Blackbeard and Black Bart Roberts would never have given up their lifestyle willingly. Times have changed, but pirate hunters still exist and still bring hard-core pirates to justice. Piracy has gone high-tech: pirates in speedboats wielding rocket launchers and machine guns attack massive freighters and tankers, looting the contents or holding the ship ransom to sell back to its owners. Modern piracy is a billion-dollar industry. But pirate hunters have gone high-tech as well, tracking their prey with modern surveillance equipment and satellites. Even though pirates have traded their swords and muskets for rocket launchers, they are no match for the modern naval warships which patrol the pirate-infested waters of the Horn of Africa, Malacca Strait and other lawless areas. Sources Cordingly, David. Under the Black Flag New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999. Raffaele, Paul. The Pirate Hunters. Smithsonian.com.